{"created":"2025-06-25T05:20:39.190657+00:00","id":2040760,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"d9a7146d-67f0-4831-a24c-84388fa27b89"},"_deposit":{"created_by":83,"id":"2040760","owner":"83","owners":[83],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"2040760"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:hiroshima.repo.nii.ac.jp:02040760","sets":["1727147343679:1730443864277:1750723311862"]},"author_link":[],"control_number":"2040760","item_1617186331708":{"attribute_name":"Title","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"シトゥ『三十頌註』研究：独立助詞と音声論","subitem_title_language":"ja"},{"subitem_title":"Si tu’s Commentary on the Sum cu pa: A Study of Tibetan Independent Particles and Phonetics","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_1617186419668":{"attribute_name":"Creator","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"班, 青東周","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"PAṆ, CHENDON GRUB","creatorNameLang":"en"}]},{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"根本, 裕史","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"NEMOTO, Hiroshi","creatorNameLang":"en"}]}]},"item_1617186476635":{"attribute_name":"Access Rights","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_1617186626617":{"attribute_name":"Description","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"This study builds upon previous research and aims to clarify the understanding of Tibetan letters and language as seen by Tibetan grammarians, based on the interpretation of Si tu’s commentary on the Sum cu pa. In this final installment, we examine vocative expressions, independent particles (tshig phrad rang dbang can)—specifically the particles ni, dang, de, gang, possessive suffixes, and negative particles— and phonetics, discussed in verses 17b to 33c of the Sum cu pa. Among these topics, particular attention is given to the phonetics, which is analyzed in Si tu’s commentary on verses 28c–32a.\nAs noted by Paṇ chen don grub (2021), Si tu explains the pronunciation of prefixed letters, superscribed etters,subscribed letters, first suffixes, and second suffixes, and argues that all components of compound letters should be fully articulated, following ancient styles. For instance, in <^Ho sgra, one should swiftly pronounce the three phonemes /s/, /g/, and /r/ sequentially. By the 18th century, when Si tu lived, many regions of Tibet had already lost this refined pronunciation tradition. However, traces of this practice was still observed in the dialects of Amdo and Gyalrong, leading Si tu to assert that all components of compound letters must have been fully pronounced in the ancient Tibetan language as described by Thu mi. To support his argument, he cites a passage from Bsod nams rtse mo’s Yi ge’i bklag thabs. Clearly, Si tu is not attempting to to provide an accurate description of the grammar and phonetics of the Tibetan language as spoken in the 18th century; rather, he is discussing its ideal form. His model is based on an earlier form of Tibetan, spoken long before Bsod nams rtse mo flourished in the 12th century. Si tu believes that this can be inferred through Thu mi’s Sum cu pa.\nFurthermore, a key aspect of Si tu’s ideal Tibetan language is its reliance on Sanskrit grammar. This influence extends to phonetics as well. Si tu uses the three elements outlined in Candragomin’s Varṇasūtra—the place of articulation (sthāna), articulatory organs (karaṇa), and effort of producing sound (prayatna)—to describe the pronunciation of each phoneme represented by the thirty basic Tibetan letters and vowel signs. He does not adopt Bsod nams rtse mo’s concept of “source” (’byung gnas) or his distinctive theories on the phonetics of the ka series, such as his claim that the phoneme represented by:oka originates from both the soft palate and the tip of the tongue. Instead, he seeks to apply the phonetic principles of Sanskrit, as outlined in the\nVarṇasūtra, to Tibetan as extensively as possible. The phonetic systems of these two languages do not fully align. For instance, Sanskrit includes vowels such as /r/, consonants in the ṭa series, voiced aspirated sounds (/gh/, /jh/, /d. h/, /dh/, /bh/), /s./, anusvāra, visarga, jihvāmūlīya, and upadhmānīya, none of which exist in Tibetan. Conversely, Tibetan sounds represented by To \\o a, as well as phonemes represented by No tsa, Ootsha, Po dza, and Qo wa, none of which are found in Sanskrit. In light of these differences, Si tu develops a distinctive phonetic system for Tibetan.\nAnother interesting point is that Si tu considers the Tibetan phoneme represented by