{"created":"2025-04-23T02:45:03.074765+00:00","id":2040426,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"d05015ee-17bd-4a37-9f10-c2d890925471"},"_deposit":{"created_by":83,"id":"2040426","owner":"83","owners":[83],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"2040426"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:hiroshima.repo.nii.ac.jp:02040426","sets":["1727147343679:1730443864277:1745298123974"]},"author_link":[],"control_number":"2040426","item_1617186331708":{"attribute_name":"Title","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"パーニニ文法学派における2種の否定","subitem_title_language":"ja"},{"subitem_title":"Two Types of Negation in Pāṇinian Grammar","subitem_title_language":"en"}]},"item_1617186419668":{"attribute_name":"Creator","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"川村, 悠人","creatorNameLang":"ja"},{"creatorName":"KAWAMURA, Y¯uto","creatorNameLang":"en"}]}]},"item_1617186476635":{"attribute_name":"Access Rights","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_access_right":"open access","subitem_access_right_uri":"http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2"}]},"item_1617186626617":{"attribute_name":"Description","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"Indian grammarians recognize two types of negation: prasajyapratiṣedha, which is the negation of something after tentatively assuming its existence, and paryudāsa, which is the negation in the form of excluding something to express a different entity in relation to the first.\nTake, for example, the term abrāhmaṇaḥ . If we interpret the negative particle naÑ in this term as indicating prasajyapratiṣedha, the term abrāhmaṇaḥ can be rephrased as na brāhmano ’sti ‘there is no Brahmin / x is not a Brahmin’ or brāhmaṇābhāvaḥ ’non-existence of Brahmin.’ On the other hand, if we view the negative particle naÑ as performing the function of paryudāsa, abrāhmaṇaḥ signifies a Kṣatriya as akin to a Brahmin. In prasajyapratiṣedha, negation is primary (pradhāna), whereas affirmation is primary in paryudāsa.\nThe general features of these two forms of negation are encapsulated in the following traditional verse, referenced by Viṭṭhala (ca. 15th century) in his commentary on Rāmacandra’s (ca. 14th–15th century) Prakriyākaumudī:\naprādhānyaṃ vidher atra pratiṣedhe pradhānatā\nprasajyapratiṣedho ’yaṃ kriyayā saha yatra nañ |\nprādhānyaṃ tu vidher yatra pratiṣedhe ’pradhānatā\nparyudāsaḥ sa vijñeyo yatrottarapadena nañ ||\n“Where affirmation is subordinate and negation principal, there is prasajyapratiṣedha and the negative particle naÑ is associated with [the item that denotes] action; but where affirmation is principal and negation subordinate, there is paryudāsa and the negative particle naÑ is associated with the second member of a compound.”\nIn addition, Śaraṇadeva (ca. 12th century) quotes a verse that enumerates six meanings of the negative particle naÑ. They are as follows, with examples taken from Kauṇḍabhaṭṭa’s (ca. 17th century) Vaiyākaraṇabhūṣaṇasāra:\n1. similarity to x (tatsādrśya): abrāhmaṇaḥ ‘someone similar to a Brahmin’\n2. non-existence (abhāva): apāpam ‘non-existence of sin’\n3. difference from x (tadanyatva): anaśvaḥ ‘something different from a horse’\n4. littleness of x (tadalpatā): anudarā kanyā ‘girl with the thin waist’\n5. inferiority / blamefulness (aprāśastya): apaśavo vā anye go’śvebhyaḥ ‘animals \n    other than cows and horses hold lesser significance.’\n6. incompatibility (virodha): adharmaḥ ‘injustice’\nMeaning 2 applies in prasajyapratiṣedha and the others in paryudāsa.\nAs the verse quoted above suggests, there is a general tendency for the negative particle to perform the function of prasajyapratiṣedha when it is used with finite verbs, and to perform the function of paryudāsa when it forms a compound with nouns.\nHowever, there are instances where the negative particle performs the function of prasajyapratiṣedha even when compounded with nouns (e.g., apāpam ‘non- existence of sin’), and other instances where it performs the function of paryudāsa without forming such compounds (e.g., na . . . atidīghe . . .‘[two legs] not too long’). Thus, consistently identifying the negative particle’s role based on form——specifically, whether it is used with a finite verb or is compounded with nouns——proves to be challenging; rather, understanding its function relies heavily on the context. In the case of prasajyapratiṣedha, there is the limiting condition that the negative particle is associated with the item denoting action, but there is also a case in which the negative particle performing the role of prasajyapratiṣedha is associated with a noun that is not an action noun (e.g., apāpam ‘non-existence of sin’). To the contrary, there is an example in which the negative particle plays the role of paryudāsa even though it is connected with an action noun (e.g., anupalabdhi ‘perception similar to another perception’). These facts further show that it is difficult to formally determine the function of negation; the association with the item that denotes action offers no guarantees.\nIn the same vein, when the function of negation is paryudāsa, there appears to be no clear criterion governing which of the five meanings is expressed by that negation. Nāgeṣa (ca. 17th–18th centuries) explicitly states that the meanings conveyed by paryudāsa are understood based on the context (ārthikārtha).","subitem_description_language":"en","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_1617186643794":{"attribute_name":"Publisher","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_publisher":"広島大学比較論理学プロジェクト研究センター","subitem_publisher_language":"ja"},{"subitem_publisher":"Research Project Center for the Comparative Study of Logic,Hiroshima University","subitem_publisher_language":"en"}]},"item_1617186702042":{"attribute_name":"Language","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_1617186819068":{"attribute_name":"Identifier Registration","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_identifier_reg_text":"10.15027/0002040426","subitem_identifier_reg_type":"JaLC"}]},"item_1617186901218":{"attribute_name":"Funding 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システム上表示できない記号を一部省略。本文ファイルをご確認ください。"}]},"item_title":"パーニニ文法学派における2種の否定","item_type_id":"40036","owner":"83","path":["1745298123974"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"PubDate","attribute_value":"2025-04-25"},"publish_date":"2025-04-25","publish_status":"0","recid":"2040426","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["パーニニ文法学派における2種の否定"],"weko_creator_id":"83","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2025-04-25T01:20:21.249783+00:00"}